Analisa Kelayakan Penggunaan Garam Rakyat Madura Sebagai Solusi Kesehatan, Kesejahteraan dan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Nizar Amir, Makhfud Efendy

Abstract


Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) adalah sebuah virus corona baru yang muncul pada tahun 2019 (COVID-19) dengan menyebabkan pandemi nasional di Indonesia. Kemunculannya menyebabkan banyak korban dan belum ditemukan standar pengobatan yang tepat. Beberapa jenis pengobatan dengan menggunakan terapi viral entry inhibitors, viral replication inhibitors, antibiotik dan donor plasma konvalesen telah dilakukan dalam proses penyembuhan pasien COVID-19. Selain itu, program vaksinasi COVID-19 juga gencar dilakukan oleh kementerian kesehatan untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh masyarakat. Untuk mencegah terinfeksinya masyarakat oleh COVID-19 dibutuhkan terapi yang sederhana, ekonomis dan terjangkau. Selain itu, diharapkan juga solusi dari pencegahan tersebut dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat. Sodium chloride (Garam) dapat digunakan untuk terapi pencegahan dari terinfeksi COVID-19 karena garam mempunyai kemampuan untuk menghambat replikasi DNA dan RNA virus. Garam yang digunakan adalah garam dengan kandungan Sodium chloride tinggi yang mana hasil produksi dari garam rakyat di laboratorium garam Universitas Trunojoyo Madura. Terapi larutan garam ini dapat dilakukan dengan berkumur atau menggunakan alat bantu seperti nasal irrigation, neti pot dan nebulizer. Kajian ini memberikan analisis ekonomi bisnis, kesehatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat dalam penggunaan garam rakyat madura sebagai terapi pencegahan COVID-19. Net present value, internal rate of return dan return on investment digunakan untuk menganalisa sisi ekonomi. Pada akhirnya penggunaan garam rakyat Madura mempunyai dampak positif dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan di Jawa Timur dan khususnya pada Kabupaten Bangkalan.


Full Text:

54-70

References


Amir, N., Efendy, M., Yoo, Y. J., & Gozan, M. (2021). Improved Salt Quality and Reduced Energy Consumption via Hot Air Drying. International Journal of Technology, 12(April), 592–601. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i3.4853

Arnaoutakis, K. (2015). Interim analysis of an open-label randomized controlled trial evaluating nasal irrigations in non-hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. 43(1), 683–684.

AT, A. (2017). Effect of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on the Growth of Pediococcus acidilactici Used for the Improvement of Nutritional and Microbial Quality of Tsire: A Nigerian Grilled Meat Product. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 07(04), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000614

Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomedica, 91(1), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397

Duan, K., Liu, B., Li, C., Zhang, H., Yu, T., Qu, J., Zhou, M., Chen, L., Meng, S., Hu, Y., Peng, C., Yuan, M., Huang, J., Wang, Z., Yu, J., Gao, X., Wang, D., Yu, X., Li, L., … Yang, X. (2020). Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(17), 9490–9496. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004168117

García, N. H., Porta, D. J., Alasino, R. V., Muñoz, S. E., & Beltramo, D. M. (2020). Ibuprofen, a traditional drug that may impact the course of COVID-19 new effective formulation in nebulizable solution. Medical Hypotheses, 144(June), 110079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110079

Ghanbari, R., Teimoori, A., Sadeghi, A., Mohammadkhani, A., Rezasoltani, S., Asadi, E., Jouyban, A., & Sumner, S. C. J. (2020). Existing antiviral options against SARS-CoV-2 replication in COVID-19 patients. Future Microbiology, 15(18), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0120

Huang, S., Constant, S., De Servi, B., Meloni, M., Culig, J., Bertini, M., & Saaid, A. (2019). In vitro safety and performance evaluation of a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 12, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S209644

Indonesia, K. K. R. (2021). COVID 19. https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/dashboard/covid-19

Jawaid Akhtar, M. (2020). COVID19 inhibitors: A prospective therapeutics. Bioorganic Chemistry, 101, 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104027

Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., & Duan, G. (2020). Benefits and Safety of Nasal Saline Irrigations in a Pandemic - Washing COVID-19 Away. Viruses, 12(4), 2020–2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040372

Kimura, K. S., Freeman, M. H., Wessinger, B. C., Gupta, V., Sheng, Q., Huang, L. C., Von Wahlde, K., Das, S. R., Chowdhury, N. I., & Turner, J. H. (2020). Interim analysis of an open-label randomized controlled trial evaluating nasal irrigations in non-hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology, 10(12), 1325–1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22703

Liu, Y. C., Kuo, R. L., & Shih, S. R. (2020). COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history. Biomedical Journal, 43(4), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.04.007

Lu, H., Stratton, C. W., & Tang, Y. W. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 401–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678

Michon, A. L., Jumas-Bilak, E., Chiron, R., Lamy, B., & Marchandin, H. (2014). Advances toward the elucidation of hypertonic saline effects on pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS ONE, 9(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090164

Muñoz, A. J., Alasino, R. V., Garro, A. G., Heredia, V., García, N. H., Cremonezzi, D. C., & Beltramo, D. M. (2018). High concentrations of sodium chloride improve microbicidal activity of ibuprofen against common cystic fibrosis pathogens. Pharmaceuticals, 11(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph11020047

Mustafa, L., Tolaj, I., Baftiu, N., & Fejza, H. (2021). Use of antibiotics in COVID-19 ICU patients. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(4), 501–505. https://doi.org/10.3855/JIDC.14404

Nua, F. (2021). PMI: 90% Penerima Donor Plasma Konvalesen Sembuh dari Covid. https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/411685/pmi-90-penerima-donor-plasma-konvalesen-sembuh-dari-covid

Ouassou, H., Kharchouf, L., Bouhrim, M., Daoudi, N. E., Imtara, H., Bencheikh, N., El Bouzidi, A., & Bnouham, M. (2020). The Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and Prevention. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1357983

Ramalingam, S., Cai, B., Wong, J., Twomey, M., Chen, R., Fu, R. M., Boote, T., McCaughan, H., Griffiths, S. J., & Haas, J. G. (2018). Antiviral innate immune response in non-myeloid cells is augmented by chloride ions via an increase in intracellular hypochlorous acid levels. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31936-y

Safdar, A., Shelburne, S. A., Evans, S. E., & Dickey, B. F. (2009). Inhaled therapeutics for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 8(4), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740330903036083

Serafini, K. F. C., Alencar, E. R., Ribeiro, J. L., & Ferreira, M. de A. (2020). Influence of the salt concentration on action mechanisms of natamycin against microorganisms of importance in food manufacture. Food Science and Technology, 40(June), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.33018

Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., Wang, F., Li, D., Yang, M., Xing, L., Wei, J., Xiao, H., Yang, Y., Qu, J., Qing, L., Chen, L., Xu, Z., Peng, L., Li, Y., … Liu, L. (2020). Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(16), 1582–1589. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4783

Sloan, M., Haner, M., Graham, A., Cullen, F., Pickett, J., & Jonson, C. L. (2020). Pandemic Emotions: The Extent, Correlates, and Mental Health Consequences of Personal and Altruistic Fear of COVID-19. 33620, 0–46. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/txqb6

Statistik, B. P. (2021). STATISTIK Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Berita Resmi Statistik, No. 15/02/(15), 1–12.

Suzy, H., Levi, H., & Guido, V. (2021). Essentials in saline pharmacology for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-021-03102-3

Tsuchiya, Y., Swai, T. A., & Goto, F. (2020). Energy payback time analysis and return on investment of off-grid photovoltaic systems in rural areas of Tanzania. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 42(December 2019), 100887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100887

Varricchio A, La Mantia I, Brunese FP, C. G. (2021). Smell recovery in patients with COVID-19: an experience with nebulized nasal treatment. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 35(2), 4–7.

WHO. (2021). Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 15 June 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---15-june-2021

Williams, W. D. (1993). Conservation of salt lakes. Hydrobiologia, 267(1–3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018809

Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, an, Liu, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Fang, M., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Zou, X., Yuan, S., & Shang, Y. (2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5

Yazdani Rad, S., Sadeghian, M., Jahadi Naeini, M., Abbasi, M., & Mousavi, S. M. (2021). The contribution of hypochondria resulting from Corona virus on the occupational productivity loss through increased job stress and decreased resilience in the central workshop of an oil refinery: A path analysis. Heliyon, 7(4), e06808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06808

Zhang, C., & Xu, Y. (2020). Economic analysis of large-scale farm biogas power generation systems considering environmental benefits based on LCA: A case study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120985

Zhang, L., Mendoza-Sassi, R. A., Wainwright, C., & Klassen, T. P. (2017). Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006458.pub4

Žižlavský, O. (2014). Net Present Value Approach: Method for Economic Assessment of Innovation Projects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156(April), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.230


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.